Smart Village Automation Using IoT

Abstract: Water is one of the most crucial resources of a village, but its availability and demand is majorly calculated manually, thereby leading to delayed decision-making and poor planning. Smart Village Automation Using IoT is a low- cost solution which leverages the power of the Internet Of Things and Machine Learning to manage the water distribution of rural areas and village services [1] [2]. An ultrasonic sensor is used to calculate the water level of the storage tank, which is then transmitted via Wi-Fi (MQTT) to an application server which validates the data and stores it in a MongoDB database. The Python FastAPI server is used to host the machine learning models; a demand prediction model that predicts the demand based on water level, temperature, rainfall, population, date-time and water used, and a Random Forest Regressor model which classifies between normal consumption and leakage/theft. The citizen and moderator portals built using React allow users to view water-related information, government schemes, complaints, and Razorpay payment integration. The complaint management system escalates unaddressed complaints to the relevant authority after 25 days of creation. In the leakage/theft model, the pressure has a feature importance of 48.3%, followed by the actual consumption at 26.8%, flow rate at 18.1%, and expected consumption at 6.8%. The low-cost implementation has only one hardware sensor, the ultrasonic sensor, but factors like high implementation cost, lack of technical know-how, connectivity issues, training data, and maintenance can affect the adoption rate. Future improvements include the addition of more sensors and tanks, better training data, deploying the application on mobile and cloud platforms and exploring other avenues of Smart Village such as agricultural support and waste management.

Keywords: IoT, Smart Village, Machine Learning, Water Distribution, Water Demand Prediction, Leakage Detection, ESP32, Ultrasonic Sensor