International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Abstract: Softball pitching is a biomechanically complex skill that integrates principles of kinematics, kinetics, and energy transfer to optimize velocity, accuracy, and spin of the ball while minimizing the risk of injury. Unlike baseball pitching, which relies on an overhand motion, fast-pitch softball utilizes a windmill-style underhand motion involving a full 360° arm rotation. This unique movement pattern requires effective use of Newton’s laws of motion, torque, angular momentum, and the kinetic chain for successful execution. Over the past three decades, extensive biomechanical studies have explored the phases of softball pitching, including wind-up, stride, arm-cocking, acceleration, release, and follow-through. These studies employ motion capture systems, force plates, and electromyography (EMG) to examine kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the pitching motion. Findings consistently indicate that lower-extremity drive, trunk rotation, and shoulder angular velocity are critical determinants of ball speed, while inefficient mechanics predispose pitchers to overuse injuries, particularly in the shoulder and elbow. This review synthesizes current literature on the mechanical principles underlying softball pitching, highlighting performance determinants, injury risk factors, and training implications. By consolidating empirical evidence, it underscores how biomechanical knowledge can guide coaching strategies, athlete development, and future research directions in softball pitching.

Keywords: Softball pitching; biomechanics; windmill motion; kinematics; kinetics; Newton’s laws; kinetic chain; torque; angular momentum; injury prevention.

Downloads: | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2025.14274